Preguntes i respostes sobre la fam

Hay datos que suscitan preguntas primarias, aunque no siempre de fácil respuesta. Uno de estos datos es que, según el informe El estado de la inseguridad alimentaria en el mundo (FAO, 2005), hay 852 millones de personas cuya nutrición es muy deficiente. Jean Ziegler, investigador y comunicador incansable de las situación del Sur, profesor de sociología en la Universidad de Ginebra y Universidad Paris I – Sorbona, ex diputado en el parlamento suizo y actual relator especial de Naciones Unidas para el Derecho a la Alimentación, dedica este libro a responder de forma sencilla a estas preguntas (“No consigo comprender cómo es posible que, al inicio del nuevo milenio y en un planeta tan rico, haya tantos seres humanos que sigan muriendo de hambre”), y a otras muchas que su hijo Karim le plantea en un dialogo socrático.Hi ha dades que susciten preguntes primàries, encara que no sempre de fàcil resposta. Una d'aquestes dades és que, segons l'informe L'estat de la inseguretat alimentària en el món (FAO, 2005), hi ha 852 milions de persones la nutrició de les quals és molt deficient. Jean Ziegler, investigador i comunicador incansable de les situació del Sud, professor de sociologia a la Universitat de Ginebra i Universitat Paris I – Sorbona, exdiputat al parlament suís i actual relator especial de Nacions Unides per al Dret a l'Alimentació, dedica aquest llibre a respondre de forma senzilla a aquestes preguntes (“No aconsegueixo comprendre com és possible que, a l'inici del nou mil·lenni i en un planeta tan ric, hi hagi tants éssers humans que continuïn morint de fam”), i a moltes altres que el seu fill Karim li planteja en un diàleg socràtic.Peer Reviewe

L’agenda política del desenvolupament energètic sostenible

Peer Reviewe

A Survey on the Contributions of Software-Defined Networking to Traffic Engineering

Since the appearance of OpenFlow back in 2008, software-defined networking (SDN) has gained momentum. Although there are some discrepancies between the standards developing organizations working with SDN about what SDN is and how it is defined, they all outline traffic engineering (TE) as a key application. One of the most common objectives of TE is the congestion minimization, where techniques such as traffic splitting among multiple paths or advanced reservation systems are used. In such a scenario, this manuscript surveys the role of a comprehensive list of SDN protocols in TE solutions, in order to assess how these protocols can benefit TE. The SDN protocols have been categorized using the SDN architecture proposed by the open networking foundation, which differentiates among data-controller plane interfaces, application-controller plane interfaces, and management interfaces, in order to state how the interface type in which they operate influences TE. In addition, the impact of the SDN protocols on TE has been evaluated by comparing them with the path computation element (PCE)-based architecture. The PCE-based architecture has been selected to measure the impact of SDN on TE because it is the most novel TE architecture until the date, and because it already defines a set of metrics to measure the performance of TE solutions. We conclude that using the three types of interfaces simultaneously will result in more powerful and enhanced TE solutions, since they benefit TE in complementary ways.European Commission through the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (GN4) under Grant 691567 Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under the Secure Deployment of Services Over SDN and NFV-based Networks Project S&NSEC under Grant TEC2013-47960-C4-3-

Microalgae-Based Systems for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration and Industrial Biorefineries

Non

Judicial Takings or Due Process

In Stop the Beach Renourishment, Inc. v. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, a plurality of the U.S. Supreme Court concluded that the Takings Clause of the U.S. Constitution prohibits the judiciary from declaring that what was once an established right of private property no longer exists unless the property owner in question receives just compensation. In this Article, we delineate the boundaries between a judicial taking and a violation of the Constitution\u27s due process protections. The result is a judicial takings doctrine that is narrower and more coherent than the one suggested by Stop the Beach. Our argument proceeds in two parts. The first is a conceptual section that explains what factors are relevant to determining whether a judicial action diminishing a private property interest is a judicial taking or something else. In our view, where a judicial decision intentionally seizes private property to achieve a legitimate public end, the Takings Clause is an appropriate framework for evaluating the constitutionality of the State\u27s action. The Due Process Clause is the more appropriate doctrinal pathway where the judiciary does not intend to appropriate a private owner\u27s property rights on the State\u27s behalf, or where the diminution of private property rights results from a judicial action that serves no legitimate public purpose. By clarifying the boundaries of judicial takings, we also hope to shed light on the constitutional foundations for numerous state-court doctrines concerning the retroactivity of new property rules. The second section articulates a novel functional argument, which suggests that creating liability for judicial takings may cause litigants to under invest in high-quality legal representation, which will in turn increase the likelihood of judicial mistakes and contribute to the destabilization of existing entitlements. This phenomenon prompts us to argue that cases in which the underinvestment incentives are most pronounced should be litigated under the Due Process Clause, but cases where repeat play or the government\u27s involvement as a litigant mitigates the underinvestment problem represent more appropriate vehicles for judicial takings treatment. What rides on the distinction between judicial takings and due process violations? Under our approach, judicial takings cases should be (a) easier to win than due process cases, (b) more likely to result in damages remedies than injunctive remedies, and (c) more amendable to attractive comparative fault inspired solutions

Definition of a general implicit orthotropic yield criterion

The definition of an orthotropic yield criterion presents a serious challenge in the formulation of constitutive models based on such theories as elastoplasticity, viscoplasticity, damage, etc. The need to model the behavior of a real orthotropic material requires the formulation of orthotropic yield criteria, and these may be difficult to obtain. For metals, orthotropic yield functions have been formulated by Hill [Proc. Roy. Soc. Lon. Ser. A 193 (1948) 281; J. Mech. Phys. Solids 38(3) (1990) 200], Barlat [Int. J. Plasticity 5 (1989) 51; 7 (1991) 693], Chu [NUMISHEET 93 (1993) 199] and Dutko et al. [Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 109 (1993) 73], but in many cases these functions do not describe the true behavior of the metal. The situation is worse when one attempts to represent a nonmetal such as a polymer, ceramic or composite. In this paper, we present a general definition of an explicit orthotropic yield criterion together with a general method for defining implicit orthotropic yield functions. The latter formulation is based on the transformed-tensor method, whose principal advantage lies in the possibility of adjusting an arbitrary isotropic yield criterion to the behavior of an anisotropic material. As example we choose the adjustment to the Hill, Hoffman [J. Comp. Materials 1 (1967) 200] and Tsai–Wu [J. Comp. Materials 5 (1971) 58] criteria, but these particular cases serve to establish the methodology for achieving the desired function adjustment for any other well-known criterion or experimental set of data obtained from laboratory

Low temperature dielectric relaxation in ordinary perovskite ferroelectrics: enlightenment from high-energy x-ray diffraction

Ordinary ferroelectrics exhibit a second order phase transition that is characterized by a sharp peak in the dielectric permittivity at a frequency-independent temperature. Furthermore, these materials show a low temperature dielectric relaxation that appears to be a common behavior of perovskite systems. Tetragonal lead zirconate titanate is used here as a model system in order to explore the origin of such an anomaly, since there is no consensus about the physical phenomenon involved in it. Crystallographic and domain structure studies are performed from temperature dependent synchrotron x-ray diffraction measurement. Results indicate that the dielectric relaxation cannot be associated with crystallographic or domain configuration changes. The relaxation process is then parameterized by using the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann phenomenological equation. Results allow us to hypothesize that the observed phenomenon is due to changes in the dynamic behavior of the ferroelectric domains related to the fluctuation of the local polarization.Postprint (author's final draft